Hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate Essay Example for Free

Hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate Essay Resistance is measured in ohms. A light bulb has resistance. The filament resists the flow of electricity, and glows white hot in doing so. The resistance causes the bulb to only allow a portion of the current available in the wall socket, to flow out. A 100-watt light bulb uses more electricity from the wall than a 60-watt light bulb because the filament in a 100-watt bulb has less resistance to it. This lower resistance allows more current to flow through the bulb, consuming more power, producing more work and making more light. This work, by the way, is called Wattage. If you multiply the voltage times the current answer is in watts. Prediction for length I predict that when the length of the conductor, in this case constantan, is increased, the electrical resistance will subsequently increase. This means that the resistance is directly proportional to the length. For example, when the length is doubled, the resistance is doubled, and when the length is tripled, the resistance is tripled. Therefore, by taking 3 lengths of 10cm wire and putting them in series, one by one, the resistance of the circuit should, at first, double, and then triple. Total Resistance = Resistance1 + Resistance2 + Resistance3 Total Resistance = 3 x Resistance This shows that the resistance is directly proportional to the length. This may happen because; a conductor is made up of a lattice of atoms surrounded by a sea of free electrons (found in the outer shell of the constantan atoms. ) The free electrons jump from atom to atom and form the net flow of electrons around a circuit. Before a power supply is switched on, the free electrons are simply bouncing around inside the conductor. However, once the power supply is switched on, the free electrons are pulled through the circuit towards the positive terminal, and pushed away from the negative terminal, therefore creating the net flow of electrons. This ensures that there is always the same amount of electrons in the conductor, in this case constantan, at any given time. However, constantan is made up of atoms, which are very tightly packed together, only moving in tiny vibrations. To flow around the circuit, the electrons must use a lot of energy to get through these atoms. They crash and collide into the atoms causing them to vibrate a lot more rapidly and vigorously. This vibrating causes a change in energy from kinetic energy to heat energy, or friction. As the atoms movement increases and the metal becomes hotter, the electrons find it harder to flow. The friction is the cause of the resistance in the circuit. Therefore, using this theory, by increasing the length of the constantan, the resistance should increase, as more collisions of the electrons and the atoms will take place. Equation Electric energy Kinetic energy Heat energy Prediction for Thickness Electricity in a wire is due to the flow of free electrons. The more of these that flow every second, then the greater the current. A resistance controls the current. The bigger the resistance then the smaller the current. In a previous experiment that I did, I found out that when two 10 ohme resistors are put parallel then the resistance is halved, this is because the resistance is inversely proportional to the thickness. I am basing my prediction on an analogy that I have been told. If you were at a football game and you were queuing up to get in at the turnstiles and there was only one turnstile open. It would take a long time to get through, but if you were to open another turnstile then it would take half the time to get in because some of the people have moved to the other turnstile. Picture of turnstiles So I am going to predict that when the thickness is increased then the resistance is halved. Fair Test To make this experiment a fair test, I did the following;   Made sure the circuit was in proper working order by putting a resistor in the circuit that I new the resistance of. I made sure the wire was cut exactly to the length required. I used the same wire, Constantan.   I changed the power, so I could take two readings in order to take an average. Results Length(cm) V1(volts) A1(amps) V1/A1(ohms) V2(volts) A2(amps) V2/A2(ohms) Average V/A(Ohms Length(cm) 170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 Average V/A 37. 25 31. 405 27. 73 24. 98 19. 98 15. 53 11. 7 7. 29 Thickness(mm) V1(volts) A1(amps) V1/A1(ohms) V2(volts) A2(amps) V2/A2(ohms) Average V/A(Ohms 0Thickness(mm). 1/Thickness 5Conclusion for Length In the experiment for length, How does the Length of a wire affect the resistance, I found that my results show that the longer the wire is in length then the higher the resistance. Length graph Conclusion from Graph In my prediction, I stated that:   When the length of the conductor was increased, the electrical resistance will increase. The resistance was directly proportional to the length e. g. When the length is doubled, the resistance is doubled, and when the length is tripled, the resistance is tripled. These points are proven by this graph because it is a straight line which means that the resistance is directly proportional to length. Conclusion for Thickness In the experiment How does the thickness of a wire affect the resistance of a wire, I found that my results showed me that the resistance is affected by the thickness of a wire, when the wire has a bigger diameter then the resistance is much lower. Thickness graph Conclusion from Graph There was an unexpected result on this graph. I expected it to be a straight line so that the resistance was directly proportional to one divided by thickness. But as you can see it has come out as a curved line. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

The Transatlantic Tunnel Of Transport Systems Information Technology Essay

The Transatlantic Tunnel Of Transport Systems Information Technology Essay For quite some time since the Industrial Revolution, sustainable transport has almost been synonymous with train form of transport. Several modifications have taken place on the first steam engine design to more energy and speed efficient models. With advancement in technology in this information and technology age, even more fascinating models are likely to be designed to keep up with the pace of lifestyle change. Critical limitations that hinder train transport systems will be addressed such as the geographical intricacies [1]. The Transatlantic Tunnel proposal dares to defy the ocean waters and the huge distance from America to Europe by bringing these two world business centers closer via a train. Top speed underwater tunnel across the Atlantic Ocean could be nearer to reality than many people would have thought. Engineering designers initially estimated that by the turn of the 21st Century, trains moving at around 5000 miles per hour could make the journey from America to Europe in less than an hour. Even though this future engineering project seems interesting, several issues need to be taken into consideration like the design that will pass the test of time across the treacherous ocean to the huge funding demand. Regardless of the factors standing in the way of the project, it remains a brilliant engineering project of this age. On the other hand, resilience could be propelled by the invaluable benefits that the project is likely to present to the world such that the project sees the light of the century. According to the documentary video Extreme Engineering, the possibility of this unbelievable project is not out of reach of reality amid modern technology. Challenged by t he success of the English Channel linking England with France, such ideas of completing the project cannot be unimaginable in this technological age. These are among the issues that this study explores, in an attempt to unravel this massive project. 1.2 The Main Text 1.2.1 Background Information. Nowadays, improvement of transport takes on a commercial perspective. Business had to be facilitated across nations in an efficient manner before using finer railway networks. In a more advanced version of the same networking, railway transport will now be explored for possibilities of connecting continents that are hundreds of miles apart. Building on past experience of connecting countries separated by seas and oceans, it is increasingly becoming a debate topic in engineering scenes on how continents can be linked by train for efficient transport. Similar ideas were illustrated in art and plays to demonstrate the relevance of the creation of such work [2]. 1.2.2 History and Theory. Jules Verne is the first visionary to suggest the Transatlantic Tunnel idea in 1895. The initial design could probably have been prompted by Vernes long and unpleasant sailing experiences [3]. Since there are several art works that used a fictional model of the Transatlantic Tunnel, its actualization was not taken seriously until real engineering work was brought on board. Suggestions have been made on several areas where the train and the tunnel system would need to overcome the most pressing missing links. Theories and ideas of a tunnel linking the said continents have been persistent and the best postulations were demonstrated in a film by the name Transatlantic Tunnel which was made in 1935 [4]. In the movie, a problematic development of the project featured an illustration of the difficulties that the project faces at the current stage. Most of the early positions held on the same topic were based on a fictional tunnel that was operational, perhaps to illustrate the applicability of the project. An earlier version of the same proposal had been developed and captured in the year 1933, in the German movie Der Tunnel [5]. By 1945, trains that used the vacuum principle to achieve speeds of over 1000 meters per hour were already in place, thanks to pioneers of real engineering studies. One of the major engineering pioneers of such designs was Robert Goddad who devoted much of his energy to similar engineering research. Three decades later, engineering articles that widely advocated for adoption of the technology were circulating. Vacuum train attention changed in the 80s after discovery of the Japanese Maglev research [6]. Transatlantic Tunnel theory bases its postulates on the past engineering works where transport lines have been suspended in water. According to the Discovery Channel, the English Channel links England to France in an almost similar way that popular transatlantic models envision [7]. Current top speed train formats are designed on magnetism and vacuum principles to enhance efficiency in terms of speed and resistance. Such trains models came into existence in the year 2004 when Shanghai. Famous progress towards the realization of the project was made through the contribution made by Frak Davidson, who carried out similar research on the applicability of such a project. Assisted by another prominent engineering designer by the name Earnst Frankel, Davidson had made some of the most promising contributions to the project. In his earlier engineering projects, Davidson had participated in the study operations of a fact-finding group of the possibility of setting up a tunnel underneath the English Channel; the English Channel Tunnel. The school of thought that has been propagated for a possible Transatlantic Tunnel design mainly relies on the work of Davidson. He proposed a system that would apply a suspended tunnel that is about 300 feet into the ocean. Another postulate of his design is the anchorage in deep sea where tethering is used to connect the tunnel to the anchor. Besides, he had also postulated that a vacuum would be necessary in his design, to facilitate top speed for the train. Finally, he also envisioned a magnetic train system being introduced into the same system for stability and speed enhancement [8]. 1.2.3 Design Approach Vacuum trains have been used in many high speed models that have been able to achieve extraordinary efficiency. To achieve the fastest speed that suits the model of train inside the tube-like tunnel, evacuation of the air that is inside the tube is usually necessary. This leads to the creation of an air free column which is capable of achieving speed similar to that achieved by a falling object in air. Bearing in mind that the project traverses across the entire Atlantic Ocean, time would be a significant aspect for any useful and efficient transport system. The best solutions so far generated by the engineering fraternity have largely relied on the vacuum train model which delivers results for top speed [9]. Magnetic Levitation system of transportation that uses magnetic force to propel locomotives has also been added into the design. Also referred to as maglev trains, the trains so propelled using magnetic field rely on three important components namely; source of electric energy, metal coils and large magnets. There are several advantages that the Maglev system presents to the design, including speed and stability. In this model, trains are lifted from ground level and are functioned on the principle of electromagnetism. According to Sirohiwala, Tandon and Vysetty, two main principles of engineering are exploited by the system, namely; Electromagnetic Suspension which relies on attraction forces as well as Electrodynamic Suspension which uses repulsion forces [10]. A combination of the vacuum and magnetic levitation systems have also been explored and found out to give better results. The benefits of a magnetic system coupled to the vacuum system will deliver not only top speed but also stability in the tunnel transport. According to the research conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, non contact bearings that magnetic levitation trains apply facilitate the realization of very high speeds and in conditions such as those present in vacuum train designs [11]. Also, utilization of both systems in a high speed train system facilitates the elimination of frictional force which generally causes wear and tear. This implies that a hybrid system of the two systems could offer more benefits in cost reduction than most other systems. Currently, the design that could be applied for the project heavily borrows from the engineers who postulated a similar design called Channel Tunnel that could run under the English Channel [12]. Suspension design is preferred by engineers, where surface turbulence and the underground uncertainties are handled. Joining of pontoons will be carried out at a distance of about 50 meters below the water surface. To hold the huge pontoons in place, heavy sea anchors will be dipped to the floor of the sea and tethers used to connect the two. By so doing, several challenges will be overcome, including deep sea pressure, surface collision with ships as well as heavy waves. This distance is safe also for possible rescue operation, in case there is an emergency in the tunnel. A cylindrical design has been adopted by the design since cylinders have inherent strength against wave forces, by reducing reactive resistance. The heavy pontoons that house the train are postulated to have a thick casing that is cylindrical in shape. A special vessel will transport the pontoons to the sea and facilitate their submersion as well as connection to the extended tunnel using special fastening screws and adjoining. Tethering will then be done onto an immersed anchor that sits deep into the sea floor. A continued extension of the tube will facilitate the completion of the tunnel from America to Europe. 1.2.4 Alternative Designs Besides the suspension design that is currently advocated for by many engineers, there were two other designs that were postulated for the same. The first postulated tunnel type was in the form of a seabed drilling process that characterized traditional tunnel construction. On an account of the involved difficulties, this proposal was later rejected. These difficulties included the huge depths of the Atlantic Ocean at some points as well as the presence of submarine mountains. In addition, major earthquake prone regions posed a threat to the successful traversing of the tunnel. In earlier versions of the tunnel design, a different approach was envisioned by constructing the transatlantic tunnel on the surface and eventually submerging it into the bottom of the ocean. This design was likewise rejected on intricacies that revolve around hydrodynamics in a huge water body such as the Atlantic Ocean. Pressure of the huge water column possessed by the Atlantic Ocean was identified as a threat to the form of structure to be submerged. It is alleged that the materials proposed for use by the tunnel cannot withstand the huge pressure exerted at the bottom of the sea. Besides, human beings cannot perform the construction functions at the bottom of the sea due to the high pressure. Any rescue operation in case of an emergency would almost certainly be in futility since the destructive nature of the pressure could be hazardous even to the rescue teams. 1.2.5 The Project Several issues are involved in the design of an appropriate system that is able to overcome the challenges expected in the Atlantic Ocean. By making some of the most difficult decisions regarding the safety risks and costs incurred, engineers are determined to deliver a suitable Transatlantic Tunnel. The most disturbing questions that the engineers have had to solve regarding the project touch on the route, source of money, resistance, risks as well as the benefits. This section of the report discusses some of these underlying intricacies that designers have been compelled to solve. 1.2.5.1 Route Several routes were considered for various reasons, but one route is particularly preferred for the same. In order to ensure that the tunnel traverses the huge distance form America to Europe in less than hour, several factors are considered to arrive at the preferred route. Cost and safety are among the most important considerations made by designers. Whereas a straight and direct route could be shorter and economical for the project, safety considerations could prop up due to the earthquake activity along the straight route. The risks involved in the project must be closely quantified to ensure that the massive investment made does not get compromised deep into the actualization [13]. According to Sirohiwala, Tandon and Vysetty, the most applicable route that the project will consider is the route that avoids some challenging geographical conditions in the Atlantic Ocean. Following well researched calculations of distance and appropriate route, engineers have been able to find out the route that passes through Iceland and some parts in south Greenland from London then reach New York from the North Eastern side to be suitable [14]. Despite extra costs being incurred for the drilling of the land sections in the connecting regions in the north, this route design has been able to overcome adverse results likely to be encountered in the deep ocean regions with earthquake activity. Besides, extreme weather conditions found in the northern hemisphere around Iceland and Greenland pose a challenge to the continuity of the project in the regions. However threatening this proposed route appears in terms of extreme temperatures to the north as well as drilling necessity, the corresponding challenges of the alternative route are also considered. In view of the challenges encountered by avoiding this route, earthquakes are much more of a risk when taken in comparison. Unexpected destruction to the system poses as a more serious and potent threat to the project than the former mentioned risks. In addition to destruction, deep ocean pressure factors also cause a huge setback to the implementation of the project. When considered in comparison, drilling and harsh weather factors encountered in the preferred route are less potent costs than what would be needed to counter the high pressure in deep sea. It is projected that the pressure exerted by the water column at deep sea could cause serious trouble to the integrity of the system. The cost likely to be incurred for such materials that can withstand the huge pressure as well as carry out the construction works that deep is very high. Maintenance could consequently be expected to carry a very huge cost element and risk when compared to the drilling procedure. 1.2.5.2 Air Resistance Train transport faces some resistance from the air, just like several other forms of transport. In top speed models, a streamlined front end has been adopted in design to overcome the resistance. The introduction of the vacuum considerably reduces the drag. The design of the tunnel must also be responsive to avoid natural drag designs. Aerodynamic drag is particularly common inside a tunnel than it is outside a tunnel. Aerodynamic drag is experienced accompanied by pressure waves that travel as fast as sound and gets altered as the train gets introduced into the tunnel, changes its velocity as well as when cross-sectional aspects of the tunnel get changed too. Fluctuations in pressure penetrate the train where aural discomfort is experienced by the passengers. Generally, confinement of the environment around the train causes changes in the aerodynamic system of the tunnel. At the thin end of the tunnel, the amount of pressure changes is determined by how long the tunnel and the train are as well as by the entry time taken before a second train enters the tunnel. To determine the amplitudes of the aerodynamic pressure variations involved, speed, nose geometry as well as blockage ratio are used. Bearing in mind that the Transatlantic Tunnel is a very long Tunnel, it is predictable that a maglev system will contribute very large amounts of pressure variations and possible discomfort. Aerodynamic drag is also characterized by the directly proportional relationship it has with power consumption. Air resistance is usually reduced by about eight times with a reduction of velocity by half. This means that the power consumption varies with proportion to speeds cube. In view of the other factors involved in resistance, size and shape of the head with regard to the degree of streamlined nature also determine power consumed. It is therefore a common design across train models proposed for the Transatlantic Tunnel having a streamlined shape. There is a general challenge posed by aerodynamics of a top speed train that uses a tunnel. The flow of the air at the exit of the tunnel is usually at a very high velocity that is about ten times more than the ordinary requirement of a smooth ride [15]. 1.2.5.3 Investment (Funding Parties) Apparently, the issue of funding and the most important partners has not been at a critical and determinative stage. Project enhancement proposals have only been circulating without a mention of how the funds could be secured: However, by the look of the benefits that the two main continents and the entire world stand to gain in case of a successful implementation, funding should be forthcoming. Perhaps what is needed is a strongly convincing organized lobby platform to ensure that stakeholders are brought on board. States incidental to the project are however expected to play a key role in the overall funding requirements of the project. This implies that the US, Canada and Britain have a more direct funding role to make for the project than any other state. Direct benefits expected from the use of the tunnel are likely to compel these states to make the investment in anticipation of the same. However, their willingness and therefore the prospects of the realization of the project will depend on the level of their satisfaction that the engineering work done delivers. It is expected that the investment opportunity that the project avails could attract attention of a regional funding due to the creation of the trading blocks that have characterized continents such as the EU. The EU is largely an economic block that taps into unexplored opportunities on behalf of the member states and such a lucrative project could have direct funding from the block. However, just as individual states would demand the ascertaining of certain project reliability score, the EU could also work on assessments to ensure sustainability of the project. The ball goes back to the engineering field to carry out as much research and development studies as would constitute an irresistible offer for funding during lobbying for funds. Alternatively, private sector investment and funding for the project cannot be left out. With evidence of some major investments being solely undertaken by the private sector, the possibility of contributions into this project cannot be ruled out. Commercial activities that the private sector will anticipate to achieve upon completion of the project will spur interest which is consequently likely to avail funding. Development partners of the involved states are likewise in the list of likely funding source based on commercial benefits that they would obtain from the project. 1.2.5.4 Challenges and Dangers Ocean currents are one of the challenges that the tunnel would have to be prepared to withstand. Across the Atlantic Ocean, very strong current waves exist for instance the Gulf Stream. Structural oscillation design will need to be very strong such that the tethering system adopted will take care of the swaying motion of the storm. Relating the suspended tunnel to suspension bridges, motion occasioned by wind and water has been found out to be catastrophic. Major suspension bridges such as the Tacoma Narrows Bridge have been brought down by strong winds and a similar phenomenon can be expected from strong ocean currents for a suspension tunnel. Suspending the tunnel in water will necessitate the use of deep sea anchors that will ensure firm tethering. Bearing in mind the depth of the ocean occasionally goes to nearly five miles, the possibility of achieving firm tethering into the sea appears evasive or a cumbersome design. Besides the technical requirements that the project will need to facilitate anchorage to such depths, the materials quantity and quality that can facilitate this project are almost unimaginable. In view of the distance and possible design consumption, it is estimated that around one billion metric tons of steel will be needed. In addition, the ocean floor where the tunnel will traverse is almost certain to encounter some region of earthquake vulnerability. In view of the hazardous effects of earthquakes to engineering projects, the inevitable encounter with such factors make the project one of those marred with uncertainty and challenging circumstances. In addition to exposure to earthquake challenges, the geography of the ocean floor through which the tunnel will traverse presents daunting route choice technicalities. Despite there being several options of possible routes that the tunnel can pass, each of the options has its unique set of challenges such as the most economical distance. About 3,000 miles of distance across the ocean stand in the way of the projects success. The long distance from North America to Europe will require consideration of the most applicable route and what point of initiation or termination to design the project. Besides the issue of the route, the project demands a massive construction material that requires the world supply. For instance, from the beginning to the end of the project, available world steel production capacity will be highly beleaguered. Whether the needed materials demand will be estimated and stored in such reserves as would be capable of sustaining the project remains a strategic oper ation challenge. The continuity of the project will face several challenges among which weather will appear to impact heavily. In the recent weather patterns, severe winters have been experienced in Europe and North America and across the Atlantic Ocean. Temperatures way below the freezing point will certainly affect the rate of project progress during winters. Together with the distance complexities, other factors such time will therefore act as an impediment to the projects desire to be expeditious. Estimates of the duration of time needed to complete this project stand at a staggering one century or more. High speed trains designated for the tunnel transport require very high levels of stability. To achieve very high stability as required could pose as a threat since very little breaches could severely damage the system. Most faults in an engineering project depend on the level of stability flaws. Besides the anchor and tether system that the tunnel design adopts, speed inside the tunnel needs to be enhanced for better stability. One of the proposed ways to achieve top speed for the train is through the creation of a vacuum. To achieve a vacuum over a relatively shorter distance has proven to be an uphill task for engineers; how to achieve this over a large distance such as from America to Europe is even unimaginable. How to achieve top speed for stability purposes appears to pose the most potent challenge. 1.2.5.5 Advantages a) Energy Tunnels Maglev systems are environment friendly and highly save on energy due to electrical energy consumption .The system appears to be shielded from the controversial oil energy sources of energy. Usage of nuclear energy will not only save money but spaces utilized for fuel carriage. b) Maintenance Ordinary railway and road transport particularly experience heavy wear and tear costs which are not encountered in maglev systems. Basing maintenance costs on wear and tear occasioned by contact, it will be less expensive to maintain a system where no contact is experienced. c) Speed Among the most striking features of the proposed train model, speed is by far the best. These train models can achieve speeds of up to 500 kilometers per hour. Business will be enhanced between Europe and America to supplement to the sea and air transport systems. d) Weather While compared to several other modes of transport, tunnel train transport tackles unfavorable weather in a dramatic way. Inside the tunnel, weather based hindrances to operations of the train are not expected. Poor weather conditions such as visibility and snow cannot affect the flow of the train at its top speed. e) Cost of Operation Since train transport is generally cheaper when compared to some other modes of transportation, costs of operation are considerably expected to reduce from America to Europe. This is so despite the capital initialization of the project which might be higher than any other project done before. f) Capacity Trains have a higher load capacity than many other modes of transport, including air transport. Achieving a supersonic train model would by far outdo major huge aircraft models such as the Concorde, which is not operational today due to several factors [16]. 1.2.5.6 Disadvantages a) Time. Proposals might be very appealing to the eye but the amount of time required for the completion of the project act as a major hindrance. It is estimated that over at least a century lies between the proposal and the actual implementation of the project. b) Distance To construct and transport materials from the mainland to the construction site may prove to be an onerous task for the engineers. Distance for movement of labor and materials will act in hindrance to the projects implementation. c) Cost Despite the relatively lower cost of production, there is a high certainty that the project will be the highest in history of engineering works. It is estimated that labor, materials and other logistic costs will need more than one financier for the project. According to a similar project study carried out by the Norwegians, cost was the only hindrance [17]. d) Construction Conditions Construction across the large Atlantic Ocean will have to face serious weather challenges including freezing temperatures as well as strong winds and currents. The most appropriate route will have to be chosen to overcome this challenge, which may appear to be expensive. Deep sea construction of the tunnel will be faced with high pressure that demands for specialized machinery instead of human beings. e) Geography As mentioned before, geographic issues will be encountered by the construction of the tunnel, demanding drilling to supplement to the suspended model. Drilling will be necessitated by over-land sections encountered in the cheapest route choice. This will not only affect the pace of construction but also change the design of the train. f) Emergency and Rescue In case of adverse hitches in the operation of the top speed train, it will be impossible to perform a rescue operation. Other transport systems are easily accessible for rescue operations than in sea transport, worst scenario being a submerged system such as a suspension tunnel. g) Risk Uncertainty As it is currently with major civil engineering works, measurement of risk involves several issues, with some having collapsed more than once. Collapsing of such a massive construction could not be ruled out completely, bearing in mind the existence of several hindrances to the system. h) Passenger Comfort Sudden acceleration and deceleration leaves an unpleasant feeling in the body of the passengers. Since the Transatlantic Tunnel is designed on a very high speed platform, sudden acceleration changes will be expected to be an unpleasant experience for the customers, unless more time is allowed to facilitate adaptation of the body. 1.2.6 Project Feasibility Checking is likely to feature the feasibility aspects of the project, technology, economics, law, operation and schedule. Whereas relevant technology is likely to be within reach for such a project, clearly outlined requirements of the project are yet to be prepared. Maybe by the time the project reaches critical stages of implementation, such details will be availed. In the current information and technology age, anything is virtually possible since all the relevant information is within reach [18]. In terms of economics, it can be said that the possibility of the project reaching a successful end is quite remote. Legal frameworks are not a major hindrance since similar projects have taken place but at a lower magnitude. Operational feasibility is likewise uncertain, having several loopholes in the coordination of the research as well as funding intricacies involved. With regard to schedule, the project is unfeasible as it is, since time expected for completion is over a century. Within the span of such duration of time, several options would have propped up making the project obliterated and unnecessary. Efficiency of the project is also uncertain due to the challenges expected ahead. Whether there is a need for such a project is a question that could be argued favorably or not. However, as it currently stands, it is needless to embark on the project. Conclusion Transatlantic Tunnel will remain to be one of the greatest civil engineering ideas of the human history. Despite the challenges that the project presents to engineering designers, it can be done, but at a very high cost. The speed of the train could challenge investors to quicken implementation since the benefits of the project will proportionately flow speedily. No matter how interesting the project seems, time factor and cost act as the major hindrances to its implementation.

The Rehearsal On Stage by Edgar Degas Essay -- impressionist movement,

Impressionism can easily be viewed as a captivating and revolutionary art movement, which took place during the Nineteenth century in Europe. Artists of this era began to contend with newer technologies, like the camera, for it possessed the capability to seize a spontaneous moment in time. Impressionists wanted to do the same; they strived to paint the picture of a genuine moment happening in front of them. One famous artist of this time period was Edgar Degas . Degas’ The Rehearsal On Stage, created in1874, reflects the characteristics of the impressionism period style of art as well as Degas’ own personal artistic style. By combining these two influences, Degas was able to produce a painting, which could be used to evoke a feeling of physical, sexual, and moral tension while also depicting modern-day life. Degas’ particular work, The Rehearsal Onstage, was created using pastels over a brush and ink drawing on a thin woven paper canvas. In fact, there is the second painting of Degas’, nearly identical to the one mentioned previously. However, it is instead known as The Rehearsal of the Ballet Onstage. Both variants of the composition are owned by the Metropolitan Museum in New York City . In addition to these two works, Degas seemed to be particularly interested in the subject of ballet across many of his other works as well. He focused on elements such as its elegant scenery, costumes, and movements made by the dancers themselves. He was fascinated by the spontaneity of the performance and yet the amount of restraint that must be exercised by its participants at the same time. More often than not, Degas chose to recreate the ballerinas who were off guard. For example he chose to depicting them as they stood backstage in an ... ...stern perspective. Fourteenth ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2014. "Grover Art Online Degas, Edgar." Oxford Art Online. http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T021805?q=degas&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit (accessed April 21, 2014). "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History." Edgar Degas: The Rehearsal Onstage (29.100.39). http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/29.100.39 (accessed April 23, 2014). "History of Art:The Impressionism - Edgar Degas." History of Art:The Impressionism - Edgar Degas. http://www.all-art.org/history480-5.html (accessed April 23, 2014). "Impressionism artists." Impressionism. http://www.artinthepicture.com/styles/Impressionism/ (accessed April 23, 2014). "Read a Brooke!." : Formal Analysis of Degas. http://babblingbrook3.blogspot.com/2012/04/formal-analysis-of-degas.html (accessed April 23, 2014).

Jane Eyre :: essays papers

Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre, is the story of Jane, an orphan girl with a harsh upbringing. During a time when women were condemned for learning more than custom pronounced necessary, Jane becomes educated intellectually, socially, and spiritually. In the course of growing up she travels to many places as she battles to learn more about herself and about the world. In the following paragraphs you’ll see how Bronte establishes that money and power do not make a person. Mrs. Reed, Mr. Rochester, and Mr. Brocklehurst all reflect this, they are not nice or perfectly content people. She demonstrates that general education is more important than wealth. The story begins at the Reed’s residence at Gateshead Hall. Jane is excluded from the Reed’s activities so she tries to educate herself by reading books. Soon enough though, John Reed finds her, takes away the book and strikes her with it. â€Å"You are like a slave-driver† (Bronte: 43), cries Jane. In this passage Jane compares John with a slave-driver because like one, John deprives her of her endeavor to educate herself and keeps her suppressed. In the boarding school for orphaned girls called Lowood, Jane sees that movement towards progress and knowledge is retained. Mr. Brocklehurst, the director of Lowood, wants the girls to â€Å"clothe themselves with shamefacedness and sobriety, not with braided hair and costly apparel† (Bronte: 96). So he doesn’t allow for girls to be dressed neatly or with curls in their hair because to him that’s a sin of showing off. His goal it seems is not to truly educate this girls for their own improveme nt, but merely to educate them to serve the wealthy. In spite of many hardships, Jane manages to graduate and becomes a governess under Mr. Rochester’s employment. Mr. Brocklehurst’s influence on Jane to be plain, to be an underclass to serve becomes more apparent when Jane thinks, â€Å"is it likely he (Mr. Rochester) would waste a serious thought on this indigent and insignificant plebeian?† (Bronte: 191). Having no money or a house of her own, she considers herself inferior and unlikely that Mr. Rochester, being a man of power and class, would ever lay eyes on her. When Jane leaves Thornfield after she finds out that Mr. Rochester is married, she decides that it’s better to be a schoolmistress, honest and free, than to stay and become a slave full of remorse and shame.

Should the 22nd Admendment be Repealed Essay -- essays research papers

In the political world today there are so many different opinions about several different topics. The topics that I will address to you will be, should the 22nd Amendment be repealed and also should the foreign born be allowed to run for president. In both topics you may have your pros and cons, but I am strongly against the both of them because I feel that the Constitution should not be taken advantage of. Government should not be allowed to manipulate the Constitution to suit his or her needs. While making adjustments to the Constitution to allow different things to take place for convenience doesn’t leave any form respect of the Constitution. There should be a line drawn to keep this from happening for years to come on these issues and others as well. Some will like for the 22nd amendment to repealed to keep who they like in office, but my feeling towards this is give other the opportunity to make our world a better place. There are more than enough qualified people to mak e a difference for our country no need to stick to one person who eventually will get tired of it anyway. In addition, with the foreign born, this issue came to play all over Schwarzenegger getting backed up by Congress and other governors in California to try to make necessary changes to the Constitution (CNN News, 2004). According to the US Term Limits, the 22nd amendment states, No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of Preside...

“Forrest Gump” Film Review Essay

Forrest Gump, a movie that not only informs the audience and the people who interact with Forrest, about the life of a very simple man (Forrest Gump, played by Tom Hanks). It also teaches morals and the way life is perceived in the beautiful mind of a simple man. Forrest Gump, throughout the movie narrates the story whilst he is sitting at a bus stop telling the people who sit next to him about his past experiences in his life (the storyline and set up of the movie). Most of the people waiting for their bus aren’t convinced and don’t believe Forrest and his stories, how he met Jenny Curran, his first ever real friend who ends up marrying him, how he met Bubba (played by Mykelti Williamson) and became the richest shrimp operator in America with Lt. Dan Taylor, his Lieutenant in the Vietnam War and how he was the Pin Pong champion for the army. The movie and stories told by Forrest all interact with events which actually occurred and impacted on the American society.The special effects in Forrest Gump are used uniquely and widely throughout the movie. One of the most creative effects used in movies which when used appropriately can have an entire different effect on the movie. There was great use of special effects when Forrest throughout the movie meets several presidents of America which some have been assassinated, with the use of special effects it enables and makes the audience think that Forrest was in that time period and able to meet them in person. A technique that is used to show emotions or reactions of characters which is used throughout Forrest Gump. Close Ups are used to give brief explanations of the way the character thinks, feels, etc. It makes the audience feel the emotions created by the character at the time/place. It also gives them a perspective of the characters character/personality. This technique is used when Forrest is a young boy and he is getting his leg braces on. There is a Close Up of his face showing the pain he is being put through in order for him to have a straight back when he is older. This Close Up makes the audience see and feel the pain Forrest is going through, it also shows that he is not a very physical/strong boy because he is not coping with the pain. A technique that is greatly used to create mood or atmosphere which can have a huge impact on the audiences view of the film. This technique is used greatly in Forrest Gump in order to set the time and place of specific  scenes. It is used in the opening scenes when there is a feather which is floating through the sky and around the city. There is music played while this is occurring, the music is soft, calm, basic and emotional which gives the audience the feel and setting of the movie. A technique which is used to involve the audience in the action of the movie so it gives them the feeling that they are involved in the specific scene. This technique is used throughout the movie especially when Forrest is a young boy and he begins to get chased by the class bullies. There is tracking used when the boys start to chase Forrest and Jenny tells Forrest to run and the camera follows him making it seem you are running with him. It shows the speed of Forrest as he is beating the boys who are on push bikes ands later on in the movie the scene is repeated but they are all older and they are chasing Forrest in a car and he still managers to get away. Bubba Forrest’s best friend, one of which is of the same intelligence as Forrest, both being simple minded people. They met in the army where their friendship formed. A man of his word, true to his family beliefs, growing up to one day own a shrimp boating business. Bubba is a man who has a goal and will do anything to succeed in what he hopes to achieve in, which contributes to the meaning of the film that as long as you stick to your goals you can achieve highly. Mrs GumpA woman who has a strong up bring amongst Forrest, she is very strong on her beliefs and will do anything for her son, which is shown in the movie. A woman of high intelligence, kind heart and willing to help people in need which is also shown throughout the movie. Lt. DanA man from a background of war torn history, which for him is a major thing to live up for. Being very angry with Forrest, who saves his life. Forrest is treated in a unique way, both being through hell and back together, which has built their friendship. Lt Dan is a very wise man and also strong on his beliefs and stands by his word, which is shown when he tells Forrest that he will join him on his shrimp boat. Forrest Gump can be portrayed in many different styles of films but it is mainly showing the beautiful mind of a simple man who is taken advantage of in many aspects of his life due to his simplicity and generosity, during the adventures and achievements he achieves throughout his life. In the movie he is portrayed a simple man who achieves in ways the normal man would not achieve which gives the message that anything is possible as long as you have a dream and continue to work at it. Another message is if you help people hopefully the favour will be returned as long as you stay a good, honest person. The director of the film Robert Zemeckis achieves these messages created by posting that feeling of isolation of society which Forrest receives but still managers to be a successful person.

Teenage Struggle

Chapter 1 Problem and its Setting The emergence of new technologies and the fast-paced technological advancements marked the beginning of the 21st century. Different gadgets and tools to suffice the wants and to help ease the difficulties encountered by man in his daily existence have been invented and are constantly developed. Unlike in the past, these changes are not confined to a certain nation or country only, but rather, to the whole human population. Effects of these technologies in the fields of medicine, education, transportation, communication, economics, and warfare, to name a few, are globally observable.Information superhighway is undoubtedly one of the most developed fields. Extensive researches have been done to improve this indispensable field. Social Networking communities are here to stay. Facebook has over 500 million users, while twitter has over 200 million. That’s not even counting blogs or Youtube video blogs. There’s no doubt that the students are actively engaged in online communities. Some of the social networking sites have a negative & discernable effect on us as human beings. How much do these selected social networking sites affect out our actions, our thoughts, our decisions & in general our lives?Social networking sites offer people new and varied ways to communicate via internet, whether through their PC or their mobile phone. They allow people to easily and simply create their own online page or profile and to construct and display an online network of contacts, often called ‘friends’. Users of these sites can communicate via their profile both with their friends and with people outside their list of contacts. This can be on a one-to one basis (much like an email), or in a more public way such as a comment posted for all to see.We live in a society which praises individuality & freedom, & therefore to most people it is a scary thought that an outside source, such as some of social networking sites has a large effect in our lives, & therefore it is no surprise that most people do not believe that these selected social-networking sites have a strong effects on them. But when it comes to students it becomes more personal. The effects of our modern media on the students are something that we do not really know for many years. If ever, history might give us a clue – the parallels between the advent of today’s new social networking sites amp; the advent of books show that we could be in paradigm societal change. But no other media absorbed one’s life in such a passive, complacent way as the internet do to thousands of students. More research are need to be done in this field, but we believe that it is self apparent to everyone that some of the social networking sites have a large impact on our lives. We determine our identity in relation to – Facebook, Twitter, Google, Youtube; are all determined by some social networking sites to some extent.Ideally, as res earchers we would learn the skills to discern the effect of some social networking sites in our lives & learn to control & to resist its temptations. Thesis Statement This study identifies how social networking sites, particularly Facebook and Twitter, influence students in doing good and bad things, on how social media affects the mental & physical behavior of students in school or at home. This study also wants to identify how students adapt to the exposure of many people that they do not know on the internet.The researchers want to study how some of the social networking sites influence students because the researchers want to know how they adapt to different people & how they adapt to new social trends in our time. Objectives 1. To determine how Facebook and Twitter influence the academic performance of the selected grade 8 students. 2. How Facebook and Twitter affects the physical, mental and social health of the selected grade 8 students. 3. To enumerate their motivations why they are using these some social networking sites. Hypothesis A. Null HypothesisMany students rely on the accessibility of information on the social networking sites specifically and the web in general to provide answers. That means a reduced focus on learning and retaining information such as the features of the web wherein sites can be bookmarked or downloaded, thus, making it available for students anytime. B. Alternative Hypothesis Social Networking sites have increased the rate & quality of collaboration for students. They are able to communicate meeting times or share information quickly, which can increase productivity and help them learn how to work well in groups.Social networking sites teach students skills that they will need to survive in the business world. Being able to create and maintain connections to many industries is an integral part of developing a career or building a business. Statement of the Problem Generally, this research paper is giving information about the effects of social networking sites, particularly Facebook and Twitter, to the studies of selected grade 8 students of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following: 1. What are the profiles of the respondents in terms of their: a.Age b. Gender c. Time allotted for using social networking site/s d. Time allotted for studying 2. Why do they need to register to these social networking sites? 3. Are there any changes in your everyday activities when you started using social networking sites? 4. Are they aware in any harm that the social networking sites might do to them? 5. What are their motivations why are they using these some social networking sites? Scope and Limitations Because of many Social Networking sites in the Philippines, this research focuses on the two mostly used by the youth, Facebook and Twitter.The study was conducted at St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City. It will focus on the positive & negative effects of the social networking sites, particularly Facebook and Twitter on studies of the selected grade 8 students. Thus, it will be limited to the output that the selected respondents, every 20 students from grade 8 students coming from the sections Diligence, Justice, Patience, Prudence and Purity will provide such as data and information that will come from the questionnaires that were distributed as well as the information that will be gathered and criticized.Significance of the Study The result of the study will benefit the following: To the Students of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City This study will give information on how to use it in a proper manner and to be aware of how these social networking sites could affect their studies. To the Faculty This study will give the teachers sufficient knowledge about how the students utterly affect their studies because of the social networking sites nowadays. How this new technology affects the youth nowadays. To the CommunityThis study i ntends to make the community aware on the effects of social networking sites. To give information on how they can use it in a more advantageous way. To the Future Researchers The researchers can have a basis for future study regarding on the effects of Facebook and Twitter in the studies of grade 8 students. To the Parents Parents must know this social networking sites and how it affect on their child’s study habits. Also, to guide them in their academics. To the User This study would also help the user to control the usage of Facebook and Twitter and to focus more on his/her studies.DEFINITION OF TERMS * Abuse – The improper usage or treatment for a bad purpose, often to unfairly or improper gain benefit. * Dependent – Relying on someone or something else for aid, support. * Descriptive Study – A statistical study to identify patterns or trends in a situation, but not the casual linkages among its different elements. * Facebook – Is a popular free social networking website that allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos and video, send messages and keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues. Mental Health – Describes a level of psychological well-being, or an absence of a mental disorder. * Paradigm – One that serves as a pattern model. * Questionnaire – A research instrument consisting of a series of questions & other prompts for the purpose gathering information from respondents. * Social Networking Sites – A social networking site is website where individuals can set up an online profile, describing his/her interests, and add links to other profiles. Generally, users are able to post personal information, including photographs, videos, and blog entries. Temptation – The act of tempting or the condition of being tempted. * Twitter – is an online social networking service and micro blogging service that enable its users to send and read text-based messages of u p to 140 characters, known as â€Å"tweets†. Chapter 2 Related Literature and Studies 2. 1 Related Literature (Awake, 2011. ) Social networking site can be addictive â€Å"After just a few days of having an account, I couldn’t stop looking. Students can just spend their hours through pictures and post instead of studying. It consumes your time, privacy, reputation, friendship and time. (Boyd, 2006. In educational institutions, success is measured by study habits, or how well a student meets standards set out by local government and the institution itself. As career competition grows ever fiercer in the working world, the importance of students doing well in school has caught the attention of parents, legislators and government education departments alike. Therefore, when the term â€Å"low† is integrated with the term â€Å"study habits†, it is the inability to acquire particular grades on examinations that indicated the individual’s mastery of th e content, and skills in applying learned knowledge to specific circumstances. Wiseman, 1961. ) on the point of study habits or excellence, (Tuckman, 1975. ) posted that, performance is used to label the observable manifestation of knowledge, skills, concepts, and understanding and ideas. Thereby, performance is the application of learning product that at the end of the process provides mastery. It is the acquisition of particular grades on examinations indicated a candidates’ ’ ability, mastery of the content, skills in applying learned knowledge to particular situations. A student’s success is generally judged on examination performance.Success in examinations is a crucial indicator that a student has benefited from a course of study. Source: http://www. irma-international. org/viewtitle/43067/ 2. 1. 1 Local Articles Facebook had over 500 million users who go online with active profiles. Because of its great influence, Facebook has a lot of critics, and for go od reason. No matter how you look at it, whether it is consensual or not, Facebook is intrusive. Not too many Filipinos are aware that Facebook has received so much criticism. It is not that they are not aware of what is going on in other countries.It is more a case of not being able to relate rather than not knowing or caring enough to learn about other countries. Facebook makes it easy for us to connect and share things we like and to read about and know our friends. It has made complex human interaction simpler; it made things that were already there easier. It has simplified how we live our lives. Source: http://opinion. inquirer. net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20110304-323534/The-Facebook-effect 2. 1. 1. 1 The Facebook Effect This article is related to the research because it explains the facts and effects about Facebook.This article will help us to understand why the youth continuously patronizing Facebook and other social networking sites. What are the things/reasons why th ey choose it instead of studying. 2. 1 Related Studies How do Social Networking Sites Affect Students? Most of the time, students spend their time hanging around the web with the popular social networking sites. Every day, more and more people are getting more attached to  Social Networking sites  Ã‚  as it is now moving in as one of the primary means of communication of people. Facebook, Twitter, and Google+ ere only a few of the tons of the sites out there that caters the need of people. Through Social Media, people have the chance to combine work and relaxation. However, did you ever encounter the question? How do Facebook affect your life? And what is your answer? What are the benefits a student can get by using Social Networking Sites? Here are some points: * Get in touch with your loved ones, relatives, and   friends * Get to know the latest   news and issues * Participate in online discussions * Communicate with your classmates * Be reminded   of assignments, projec ts, and   quizzes Conduct group meetings for group projects and announcements * Get the latest status and messages of your friends through the News   Feed Obviously, social sites have a lot of uses for people with their exceptional functionalities. Even without meeting in person, people can now interact with each other and make a productive gathering. However, despite the fact that Social Media are extremely helpful, it is still not perfect because there are still some negative points we can encounter while using it. Some of the bad effects are: * It invades your privacy * It distracts you in everything you do Too much attachment to it may lead to spending too much time in it without doing your tasks * There are some wrong information released by unauthorized people that  causes fear The mentioned good and bad effects were only partial and it also varies depending on the person involved. Though some people still makes the best out of  Social Media, we can’t still forg et the negative side of it. Maybe, we should just ask ourselves on what is our current position in the Social Networking World. The ever-growing technology helps us make our life easier and better but we must be sure that we should treat it with moderation.Source: http://www. noypigeeks. com/featured/how-do-social-networking-sites-affect-students/ 2. 2. 1 Local Studies It is true that an interactive world can help the students to do their assignments efficiently and accurately. The young members of population have started the marketers to start experimenting with alternative forms of communication. The birth of social networking sites and its growth is enormously fast and the members are unlimited ( 2009). The only purpose of the social networking is to follow the success of Google in which they also adopted the advertising-based model.But the social networking sites did not realize that their adaptation of the advertising-based model is not sustainable since the students are only a ccessing their site just to interact of communicate with their friends and not to purchase their products online. There is so much promise in advertising online, especially when there are large marketers, but if the target of the online site is the middle aged people – the success is seemingly blurred. Source: http://opinion. inquirer. net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20110304-323534/The-Facebook-effect 2. 2. 1. Effect of social networking to students' study habit However, it is logical to think that the students who used to view their network account more than necessary in a day is highly risky in failing grades, than the one who can manage her or his time and maintaining the routine to finish all his assignments before clicking the icons on his homepage. 2. 1. 2 International Articles Social networking websites are causing alarming changes in the brains of young users. Sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Bebo are said to shorten attention spans, encourage instant gratificat ion and make young people more self-centered.More than 150 million use Facebook to keep in touch with friends, share photographs and videos and post regular updates of their movements and thoughts. A further six million have signed up to Twitter, the ‘micro-blogging' service that lets users circulate text messages about themselves. but while the sites are popular – and extremely profitable – a growing number of psychologists and neuroscientists believe they may be doing more harm than good. Lady Greenfield told the Lords a teacher of 30 years had told her she had noticed a sharp decline in the ability of her pupils to understand others.Psychologists have also argued that digital technology is changing the way we think. They point out that students no longer need to plan essays before starting to write – thanks to word processors they can edit as they go along. The author said that he’s not against technology and computers. But before they start soci al networking, they need to learn to make real relationships with people. Source: http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1153583/Social-websites-harm-childrens-brains-Chilling-warning-parents-neuroscientist. html 2. 1. 2. 1 Social Websites Harm Children's BrainsThis article is related to the research because it explains how the physical and mental abilities of the children affected because of Twitter and Facebook. Also, it explains why Facebook strongly patronizes by the youth. 2. 2. 1. 2 International Studies Social networking websites like Orkut, Facebook, Myspace and Youtube are becoming more and more popular and has become part of daily life for an increasing number of people. Because of their features, young people are attracted to social networking sites. In this paper, the authors explore the impact of social networking sites on the education of youth.The study argues that these social networking websites distract students from their studies, but these websites can be use ful for education based on sound pedagogical principles and proper supervision by the teachers. Moreover, the research concludes that social networking websites have both positive as well as negative impact on the education of youth, depending on one’s interest to use it in a positive manner for his or her education and vice versa. Source: http://www. irma-international. org/viewtitle/43067/ 2. 2. 1. 2. 1 The Impact of Social Networking Websites on the Education of YouthThis study is related to the research because it has the same problem that the researchers want to distinguish. It explains how useful are the social networking sites are. Chapter 3 Methodology The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of Facebook and Twitter to the studies of the selected Grade 8 students of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City. This chapter discusses the research method, the respondents, the research instrument, the procedure and the statistical treatment of data. Research Design: Descriptive Method was used to achieve the object of this study.This method is the gathering, analyzing and making accurate statistical method reference books and articles in the internet. It seeks to describe how do Facebook and Twitter affect the studies of Grade 8 students of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City. Respondents: The respondents of this research involved the selected Grade 8 students of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City. Survey forms from each 5 section namely Diligence, Justice, Patience, Prudence and Purity were distributed. Due to the large number of students, only 50% of the total number of respondents will be included to avoid discrepancy.Research Instrument: The researchers distributed questionnaires to each student; it includes simple yet conceptual questions. The researchers strategically apprehend of questions that would accurately reflect the desired data and result. The questions are as follows: Statistical Treatment: For the statist ical treatment of data gathered, the researchers utilized theerfectage inorder to quantify the data gathered. For all the actors, the formula is P = F * 100 N Where P = Percentage F = Frequency N = Total number of respondents Conceptual Framework STAGE 1 Choosing a subject for a study and its potential problems. Suggesting ideas on what topic will benefit administrators, students and to the future researchers. STAGE 2 Looking for and using reliable sources for the background of the study. * Gathering information through books that was made by the previous researchers. STAGE 3 Planning and preparing the survey tools to be used in the study. -The group planned to have a multiple choice question type by Ebel in 1992 STAGE 4 Distribution and collection of the survey tools from the respondents. * Researchers will distribute a total of 100 copies of survey forms to the sophomore students. Every top 20 of each class will answer the given questionnaire. STAGE 5 Tabulating, Analyzing and Int erpreting the data gathered. * Once answered and returned, the researchers will tabulate and analyze the results based on the respondents' answers. STAGE 6 Analyzed data, drawing conclusion, and giving recommendation. – Devise findings from the results. – Formulate own conclusions on the results to the survey. – Propose recommendations Theoretical Framework * The researchers conduct survey test about the effects of Twitter and Facebook to the strudies of grade 8 students. The researchers will tabulate the results in the survey that the researcher made to figure the common mistakes of the respondents. * The Researches want to identify what are effects of Twitter and Facebook to the strudies of grade 8 students. * Social Networking sites have increased the rate ; quality of collaboration for students. They are able to communicate meeting times or share information quickly. * Many students rely on the accessibility of information on the social networking sites spec ifically and the web in general to provide answers. Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of DataThis chapter reviewed the analysis of the survey that was used by the proponents, the analysis table that shows the result of the survey and the interpretation of each table. TABLE 1: Exhibits the results of the survey questions 1 – 4 are concerned with the information when students are using Facebook and Twitter. | No. of Respondents answered| Percentage(%)| 1. What is your time allotted for using social networking site/s per day? | | | a. More than 3 hours| 39| 39| b. More than 6 hours| 19| 19| c. Less than 3 hours| 36| 36| d. Less than 6 hours| 6| 6| TOTAL| 100| 100| 2.What is your time allotted for studying per day? | | | a. More than 3 hours| 32| 32| b. More than 6 hours| 8| 8| c. Less than 3 hours| 50| 50| d. Less than 6 hours| 10| 10| TOTAL| 100| 100| 3. Why do you need to register to these social networking sites? (Multiple answers allowed)| | | a. To keep in touch with friends and family. | 70| 46. 05| b. To meet new people. | 39| 25. 66| c. For school purposes such as research| 43| 28. 29| d. Others: ______________| 0| 0| TOTAL| 152| 100| 4. Do you find Facebook and Twitter addicting? | | | a. YES. (please rate your addiction from 1-10. No. is the lowest) _______| 80| 80| b. NO. | 20| 20| TOTAL| 100| 100| 4. a. Addiction Level| | | 1| 0| 0| 2| 0| 0| 3| 0| 0| 4| 3| 4. 69| 5| 8| 10| 6| 7| 8. 75| 7| 11| 13. 75| 8| 29| 33. 75| 9| 11| 13. 75| 10| 11| 13. 75| TOTAL| 80| 100| From question number 1 and 2, the leading time allotted for students in using Facebook and Twitter and for studying is more than 6 hours followed by less than 6 hours. From the third question, we can see that the reason why students registers to Facebook and Twitter is that they want to keep in touch with friends and families. It is followed by for school purposes.Seeing the fourth question, the majority of the sophomore students said that it is addicting to use Faceboo k and Twitter. We asked them to rate their addiction form 1 – 10 and the most number is 8 followed by 7, 9 and 10. TABLE 2: Presents the physical, mental and social attitude of the students when they are using Twitter and Facebook. | ALWAYS| SOMETIMES| SELDOM| NEVER| Do you often get dizzy when you browse the internet? | 3| 48| 29| 20| Do you prefer to just stay at home and open your Facebook or Twitter account than to go with your friends? | 11| 44| 30| 15| Do you prefer to use Twitter of Facebook rather than studying? 13| 44| 33| 10| How often Facebook do helps you in studying? | 17| 54| 24| 5| How often does Facebook help you to overcome your mental illness? | 14| 34| 40| 12| TOTAL| 100| 100| 100| 100| The study shows that sometimes, the students get dizzy when they are browsing the net, they just prefer to stay at home rather than to go with their friends. Also, they said that sometimes, Facebook and Twitter were useful/helpful in their studying. To the last question, the y answered seldom on how does Facebook help them to overcome their mental illness. Chapter 5 Summary of FindingsThe study utilized the survey approach of research precisely the descriptive method. The said approach is used as much as the principal rationale of the study was to figure out the problems and/or situations under such factors that mostly affect their academic performance. Students from grade 8 of St. Mary’s Academy of Caloocan City were asked to fill up a survey questionnaire. In order to determine the factors that affect student's academic performance, the qualitative research techniques were used particularly the multiple choice questions by Ebel in 1992 and scale type by Kerlington in 1992.A survey questionnaire was prepared for students. This instrument was used to determine the problems and/or situations under such factors that mostly affect student's academic performance. The questionnaire consists of 10 items as indicators. 39% of the sophomore students answ ered that they allotted more than 3 hours per day spending for Facebook and Twitter. 82% of them answered that they spent more than 3 hours in studying per day. 80% of the respondents believed that they find Twitter and Facebook addicting for them. As we asked them to rate their addiction from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest), we got number 8 as the highest vote.As you can see the table 2 figure, numbers 1-4 got the most answer of sometimes. It means that Facebook and Twitter has a great impact on the sophomore students. Question number 5 has 40% of students who answered. Conclusions Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. The majority of the student respondents spend more than 3 hours in using social networking sites. 2. Most of the student respondents spend more than 3 hours in studying. 3. The main reason of the students why they are using social networking sites is because they want to keep in touch with their friends and families. . We found out that social ne tworking sites are very addicting. 5. Sometimes, students do experience dizziness when staying long hours using the computer 6. Only a few students choose to stay at home to open their Facebook and Twitter accounts rather than to go out with their friends. 7. Almost half of our respondents said that Facebook sometimes helps them in their studies. 8. Facebook and Twitter seldom help the students to overcome their mental illness. Recommendations On the basis of findings and conclusions taken from the study, the following recommendations are given for consideration. 1.The students should avoid spending long hours in using social networking sites and talk with their parents. 2. The parents should set their own house Internet rules and take good part on their role in their children's school performance. 3. The teachers should maintain their good relationship with their students and guide their students in using social networking sites. 4. The school administrators should be aware of the health hazards of using social networking sites so they can well educate the students. 5. The future researchers should also use other types of survey that will make the study more comprehensive.They should also gather other information about their respondents, e. g. , gender, age, school level, and apply more questions that will make the survey more convincing and realiable. Appendices NAME (optional): AGE: SECTION: GENDER: I. DIRECTIONS: Read each question and encircle the letter of your choice. Please answer honestly. Thank You. 5. What is your time allotted for using social networking site/s per day? e. More than 3 hours f. More than 6 hours g. Less than 3 hours . Less than 6 hours 6. What is your time allotted for studying per day? e. More than 3 hours f. More than 6 hours g. Less than 3 hours h. Less than 6 hours 7. Why do you need to register to these social networking sites? (You may choose more than one. ) e. To keep in touch with friends and family. f. To meet new people . g. For school purposes such as research h. Others: ______________ 8. Do you find Facebook and Twitter addicting? c. YES. (please rate your addiction from 1-10. No. 1 is the lowest) _______ d. NO. 9. Are there any changes in your everyday activities when you started using social networking sites? . YES. b. NO. II. Please answer based on your opinion. | ALWAYS| SOMETIMES| SELDOM| NEVER| Do you often get dizzy when you browse the internet? | | | | | Do you prefer to just stay at home and open your Facebook or Twitter account than to go with your friends? | | | | | Do you prefer to use Twitter of Facebook rather than studying? | | | | | How often Facebook do helps you in studying? | | | | | How often does Facebook helplp you to overcome your mental illness? | | | | | SIGNATURE: ________________ SOURCE: http://www. quibblo. com/quiz/aWuYw2c/20-Questions-for-Social-Media-Users